{"id":3659,"date":"2018-04-10T16:51:06","date_gmt":"2018-04-10T15:51:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/?p=3659"},"modified":"2018-04-10T16:51:06","modified_gmt":"2018-04-10T15:51:06","slug":"utopies-de-la-liberation-houria-bouteldja-a-propos-du-feminisme-de-lantisemitisme-et-des-politiques-de-decolonisation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/?p=3659","title":{"rendered":"Utopies de la lib\u00e9ration : Houria Bouteldja \u00e0 propos du f\u00e9minisme, de l\u2019antis\u00e9mitisme, et des politiques de d\u00e9colonisation"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"header article standard\">\n<header class=\"article container\">\n<div class=\"grid-9 grid-mobile-12\">\n<p>Utopies de la lib\u00e9ration\u00a0: Houria Bouteldja \u00e0 propos du f\u00e9minisme, de l\u2019antis\u00e9mitisme, et des politiques de d\u00e9colonisation<\/p>\n<p>De Ben Ratskoff<\/p>\n<p><em>Le 5 avril 2018 <\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/0_0.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3660 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/0_0.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"173\" height=\"256\" \/><\/a>En mai 1943, l\u2019\u00e9crivaine surr\u00e9aliste noire et militante Suzanne C\u00e9saire a demand\u00e9 des rations de papier au gouvernement de Vichy, en temps de guerre, administrant la Martinique. Elle avait besoin de ce papier pour imprimer le prochain num\u00e9ro de <em>Tropiques, <\/em>un journal consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019intersection du Surr\u00e9alisme et des politiques anticolonialistes dans les Cara\u00efbes. Le gouvernement a refus\u00e9 sa demande. Dans une vertigineuse d\u00e9monstration de double discours, les collaborateurs du r\u00e9gime Nazi ont affirm\u00e9 que le journal de C\u00e9saire \u00e9tait trop raciste et sectaire, dans son engagement assum\u00e9 pour la n\u00e9gritude, et dans sa r\u00e9volte litt\u00e9raire contre la civilisation fran\u00e7aise. Il est \u00e0 la fois troublant et \u00e9clairant de trouver un discours quasi-identique entourant la publication r\u00e9cente d\u2019Houria Bouteldja, <em>Les blancs, les juifs et nous\u00a0: vers une politique de l&rsquo;amour r\u00e9volutionnaire. <\/em>A la sortie du livre en France en 2016, un v\u00e9ritable lynchage s\u2019est produit dans les m\u00e9dias. La pens\u00e9e unique des intellectuels Fran\u00e7ais, de droite comme de gauche, s\u2019est pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9e pour discipliner cette femme Arabe qui avait os\u00e9 d\u00e9mystifier le conte de f\u00e9e que la France se raconte \u00e0 elle-m\u00eame. De bien laids qualificatifs lui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9s\u00a0: Bouteldja \u00e9tait donc une raciste antiraciste\u00a0! Une n\u00e9o-nazie\u00a0! Une homophobe\u00a0! Pas grand-chose n\u2019a chang\u00e9 depuis la requ\u00eate de C\u00e9saire pour les rations de papier en Martinique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<\/section>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Whites-Jews-Us.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3661 size-medium alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Whites-Jews-Us-193x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"193\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Whites-Jews-Us-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Whites-Jews-Us.jpg 514w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 193px) 100vw, 193px\" \/><\/a>La r\u00e9ception du court manifeste de Bouteldja s\u2019inscrit dans la continuit\u00e9 de la pol\u00e9mique surr\u00e9aliste de C\u00e9saire, et, de mani\u00e8re plus \u00e9vidente encore, de la pol\u00e9mique autour de l\u2019ouvrage r\u00e9volutionnaire de son mari Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire, Discours sur le colonialisme (1950). Traduit en anglais, de mani\u00e8re artistique et d\u00e9licate par Rachel Valinsky, <em>Les blancs, les juifs et nous<\/em>\u00a0est un manifeste passionnant et po\u00e9tique qui vise la m\u00e9tropole imp\u00e9riale et son mythe de l\u2019innocence. Le livre est travers\u00e9 d\u2019un optimisme saisissant, formulant un magnifique appel \u00e0 un mouvement d\u00e9colonial m\u00e9tropolitain, pens\u00e9 comme une force politique de lib\u00e9ration. Bouteldja\u00a0s\u2019attaque ainsi au probl\u00e8me de l\u2019Eurocentrisme, de l\u2019imp\u00e9rialisme, de la mondialisation, et propose l\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation d\u2019une organisation politique qui, selon les mots de son camarade Sadri Khiari, a pour projet de <em>\u00ab\u00a0penser l&rsquo;unit\u00e9 et la division ensemble et d\u2019accepter la convergence et l&rsquo;antagonisme comme des chemins paradoxaux vers la lib\u00e9ration\u00a0\u00bb.<\/em>\u00a0Le premier chapitre identifie une contradiction, qui conditionne l\u2019adresse de ce livre aux blancs, aux juifs et aux personnes indig\u00e8nes\u00a0: le sionisme non repenti de Jean-Paul Sartre. D\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, Sartre d\u00e9fend le militantisme anticolonial en Alg\u00e9rie et dans le Moyen Orient\u00a0; d\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, il soutient la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un \u00e9tat-nation Juif en Palestine. Bouteldja affirme que l\u2019engagement simultan\u00e9 de Sartre pour l\u2019anticolonialisme et pour le sionisme est d\u00fb, essentiellement,\u00a0 \u00e0 sa blanchit\u00e9.\u00a0 La blanchit\u00e9, en somme, \u00e9tait un marqueur de ses limites politiques. Dans un passage provoquant, Bouteldja \u00e9crit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0<em>Celui qui a d\u00e9clar\u00e9: \u00ab\u00a0C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;antis\u00e9mite qui fait le Juif\u00a0\u00bb a par la suite prolong\u00e9 le projet antis\u00e9mite sous sa forme sioniste et a particip\u00e9 \u00e0 la construction de la plus grande prison pour les Juifs. Dans la pr\u00e9cipitation pour enterrer Auschwitz, et pour sauver l&rsquo;\u00e2me de l&rsquo;homme blanc, il a creus\u00e9 la tombe du juif.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em> En d&rsquo;autres termes, Sartre a per\u00e7u l&rsquo;antis\u00e9mitisme comme un m\u00e9canisme europ\u00e9en d&rsquo;exclusion, mais a en m\u00eame temps particip\u00e9 \u00e0 ce m\u00e9canisme en excluant le futur des juifs en dehors de l&rsquo;Europe, \u00e0 la faveur d&rsquo;un Etat-nation s\u00e9par\u00e9. Pour Bouteldja, le sionisme de Sartre est le symbole \u00e0 la fois du refus de la gauche blanche d&rsquo;abandonner l&rsquo;\u00c9tat-nation, mais aussi de la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration obstin\u00e9e de l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019une innocence europ\u00e9enne.<\/p>\n<p>Par opposition, le contemporain de Sartre est \u00e9galement \u00e9voqu\u00e9, le po\u00e8te blanc spectateur de la d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence Parisienne, Jean Genet. Genet est rest\u00e9 profond\u00e9ment indiff\u00e9rent aux d\u00e9faites devenues routini\u00e8res de la France &#8211; \u00e0 Paris, en Alg\u00e9rie, en Indochine &#8211; et profond\u00e9ment conscient que <em>\u00abtout indig\u00e8ne qui se dresse contre l&rsquo;homme blanc lui offre en m\u00eame temps la possibilit\u00e9 de se sauver lui-m\u00eame.\u00a0\u00bb<\/em> Et c\u2019est \u00e0 ce carrefour de confrontation et de lutte, argumente Bouteldja, que l&rsquo;amour r\u00e9volutionnaire devient possible. Citant le commentaire de C. L. R. James, <em>\u00ab\u00a0Ce sont mes anc\u00eatres, ce sont mes gens. Ils sont les v\u00f4tres aussi si vous le voulez\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>, elle nous dit\u00a0: <em>\u00ab\u00a0<\/em><em>James vous offre [les Europ\u00e9ens blancs] le souvenir de ses anc\u00eatres noirs qui se sont \u00e9lev\u00e9s contre vous et qui, en le lib\u00e9rant, vous ont lib\u00e9r\u00e9. En substance, James dit, changez le Panth\u00e9on.<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb Il est d\u00e9stabilisant de lire ces mots apr\u00e8s les r\u00e9cents \u00e9v\u00e9nements de Charlottesville, o\u00f9 le retrait d&rsquo;une statue \u2013 donc un effort pour changer le panth\u00e9on am\u00e9ricain &#8211; a entra\u00een\u00e9 la mobilisation d\u2019une coalition meurtri\u00e8re de nationalistes blancs et de n\u00e9o-fascistes. L&rsquo;amour r\u00e9volutionnaire a un prix, et le prix de la trahison de la blanchit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre trop lourd \u00e0 porter pour certains.<\/p>\n<p>La mention de Genet par Bouteldja inclue des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences \u00e0 sa correspondance globale de lettres anticoloniales. C&rsquo;est Genet qui a \u00e9crit l&rsquo;introduction de Soledad Brother (1970), les \u00e9crits recueillis en prison par le marxiste am\u00e9ricain noir et militant George Jackson; un an plus tard, apr\u00e8s que des gardes l&rsquo;aient assassin\u00e9, des copies manuscrites de po\u00e9sie palestinienne ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9es dans sa cellule. Le livre de Bouteldja se positionne au sein de ce r\u00e9seau international de textes. D\u2019ailleurs, sa traduction en anglais (avec une nouvelle pr\u00e9face de Cornel West) constitue elle-m\u00eame une nouvelle pierre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9difice de ce r\u00e9seau. La mobilisation de Bouteldja des anc\u00eatres noirs am\u00e9ricains et francophones souligne les continuit\u00e9s entre le racisme am\u00e9ricain et le colonialisme fran\u00e7ais. Richard Wright l&rsquo;avait aussi amorc\u00e9 quand il intitula son \u00e9l\u00e9gie militante \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine noire \u00ab\u00a0Native Son\u00a0\u00bb [Un enfant du pays] (1940), \u00e9voquant ainsi l&rsquo;homme noir urbain appauvri, tout comme l&rsquo;indig\u00e8ne de l&rsquo;Am\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n<p>Pour sa part, Bouteldja est une enfant du pays, de la France. S&rsquo;appuyant sur l&rsquo;\u00e9criture politique et sur l&rsquo;agitation qui a marqu\u00e9 son entr\u00e9e dans les m\u00e9dias fran\u00e7ais lors des d\u00e9bats sur le port du voile, Bouteldja formule une critique percutante du f\u00e9minisme blanc. La femme indig\u00e8ne, explique-t-elle, est prise au pi\u00e8ge entre un patriarcat blanc qui veut la sauver de sa famille per\u00e7ue comme primitive pour consommer son corps, et un patriarcat indig\u00e8ne qui lui fait porter le poids de l&rsquo;\u00e9masculation subie par les hommes indig\u00e8nes. L&rsquo;homme blanc con\u00e7oit l&rsquo;homme indig\u00e8ne de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re qu\u2019il con\u00e7oit la femme &#8211; passive et docile. Quand l&rsquo;homme indig\u00e8ne se r\u00e9volte, perturbant ainsi les suppositions paternalistes de l\u2019homme blanc, sa virilit\u00e9 inattendue choque et d\u00e9range\u00a0; elle doit alors \u00eatre polic\u00e9e, castr\u00e9e. Cette dynamique \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 des jeux Olympiques de virilit\u00e9 entre hommes blancs et indig\u00e8nes\u00a0; en r\u00e9sulte une homophobie misogyne qui prend pour cible \u00e0 la fois les femmes indig\u00e8nes et les hommes homosexuels (la lesbienne indig\u00e8ne est largement absente de l&rsquo;analyse de Bouteldja). Le langage de la castration mobilis\u00e9 par Bouteldja met au jour le fait que la masculinit\u00e9 phallique de l&rsquo;homme occidental est aussi prise comme mod\u00e8le &#8211; par d\u00e9faut &#8211; par les hommes indig\u00e8nes. Pour autant, cette virilit\u00e9 r\u00e9actionnaire parmi les populations indig\u00e8nes n&rsquo;est pas in\u00e9vitable, et l\u2019expression des identit\u00e9s sexuelles n&rsquo;a pas besoin d&rsquo;\u00eatre stigmatis\u00e9e pour combattre l&rsquo;imp\u00e9rialisme. D\u2019ailleurs, le recours par les sionistes \u00e0 la figure du juif viril et muscl\u00e9 montre que la virilit\u00e9 r\u00e9actionnaire de l&rsquo;opprim\u00e9 a des cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9sastreuses pour nous tous.<\/p>\n<p>Bouteldja critique \u00e9galement le f\u00e9minisme indig\u00e8ne romantique, qui analyse la violence masculine sous une forme abstraite, plut\u00f4t que de la contextualiser dans le syst\u00e8me du patriarcat occidental qui a envahi les pays du Sud. Le f\u00e9minisme est un luxe, \u00e9crit-elle, le luxe de celles qui sont assez blanches et assez europ\u00e9ennes et assez chr\u00e9tiennes pour pouvoir penser leur condition f\u00e9minine de mani\u00e8re isol\u00e9e, au centre de leur subjectivit\u00e9. La seule forme de f\u00e9minisme responsable impliquerait une alliance communautaire, dans un compromis entre la r\u00e9sistance indig\u00e8ne au f\u00e9minisme, et une perception de la violence occidentale \u00e0 laquelle font face tant les hommes que les femmes indig\u00e8nes.<\/p>\n<p>Une telle position peut sembler quelque peu d\u00e9pass\u00e9e, nous ramenant aux conceptions patriarcales des mouvements de droits civiques du milieu du si\u00e8cle qui subordonnait la double oppression des femmes noires aux pr\u00e9occupations des dirigeants masculins noirs. Bouteldja cite Assata Shakur de l&rsquo;Arm\u00e9e de lib\u00e9ration noire &#8211; \u00ab<em>Nous ne pourrons jamais \u00eatre libres alors que nos hommes sont opprim\u00e9s\u00bb <\/em>&#8211; mais oublie \u00e9trangement de mentionner la suite : <em>\u00abMais il est imp\u00e9ratif pour notre lutte que nous construisions un puissant mouvement des femmes noires.\u00a0\u00bb.<\/em> La citation compl\u00e8te r\u00e9v\u00e8le le genre de f\u00e9minisme d\u00e9colonial auquel aspire Bouteldja, conduit par une all\u00e9geance communautaire, mais sans pour autant s&rsquo;y arr\u00eater.<\/p>\n<p>Le livre, peut-\u00eatre involontairement, nous montre qu&rsquo;un tel f\u00e9minisme d\u00e9colonial reste encore loin \u00e0 l&rsquo;horizon. L&rsquo;avant-dernier chapitre fait all\u00e9geance \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 politique des indig\u00e8nes en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (on ne sait pas pourquoi Bouteldja ne parle pas sp\u00e9cifiquement aux hommes indig\u00e8nes, en leur permettant de se fondre dans une norme sans genre sp\u00e9cifique). Le chapitre d\u00e9crit avec puissance le malaise postcolonial des immigr\u00e9s de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise, pris au pi\u00e8ge de ce que Frantz Fanon appelait le manich\u00e9isme du colonisateur &#8211; ils doivent soit devenir fran\u00e7ais, soit remplir leur r\u00f4le pr\u00e9-pens\u00e9 de primitifs. Mais ce choix est une ruse: la France n&rsquo;est pas un melting-pot mais un sable mouvant. En s&rsquo;int\u00e9grant dans la blanchit\u00e9, l&rsquo;immigrant postcolonial devient complice de l&rsquo;imp\u00e9rialisme m\u00e9tropolitain. Comme l\u2019\u00e9crit courageusement Bouteldja: <em>\u00ab\u00a0Pourquoi est-ce que j&rsquo;\u00e9cris ce livre? Parce que je ne suis pas innocente. J&rsquo;habite en France. Je vis en occident. Je suis blanche.\u00bb<\/em> C&rsquo;est dans cette reconnaissance de l&rsquo;\u00e9chec de l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration qu&rsquo;une force politique d\u00e9coloniale commence.<\/p>\n<p>Entre ses remarques destin\u00e9es aux \u00abBlancs\u00bb et celles formul\u00e9es aux femmes et aux hommes indig\u00e8nes, Bouteldja s\u2019adresse aussi directement \u00e0 \u00abVous, les Juifs\u00bb. Il est ici \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la loi coloniale et la structure sociale en Alg\u00e9rie fran\u00e7aise, avec les ma\u00eetres blancs libres au sommet, les indig\u00e8nes colonis\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019autre extr\u00e9mit\u00e9, et les juifs alg\u00e9riens (indig\u00e8nes) au milieu, en tant que tampon privil\u00e9gi\u00e9. Mais l\u2019analyse de Bouteldja des Blancs, des Juifs et des peuples indig\u00e8nes- cat\u00e9gories sociales et politiques qui, selon elle, sont le \u00abproduit de l&rsquo;histoire moderne\u00bb &#8211; pr\u00e9sente un manquement probl\u00e9matique. La blanchit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;indig\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 sont sans aucun doute, dans leur constitution m\u00eame, des cat\u00e9gories qui \u00e9mergent d&rsquo;une configuration sociale et politique sp\u00e9cifique de pouvoir et de souverainet\u00e9. Les juifs ont aussi fait partie de ces configurations coloniales \u00e0 des moments cl\u00e9s\u00a0: ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 expuls\u00e9s des colonies fran\u00e7aises en 1685, ils ont obtenu la citoyennet\u00e9 dans les d\u00e9partements du nord de l&rsquo;Alg\u00e9rie fran\u00e7aise en 1870, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accus\u00e9s de trahison et de souillure de la nation fran\u00e7aise pendant la \u00ab\u00a0belle \u00e9poque\u00a0\u00bb, et ainsi de suite. Mais tout comme Bouteldja cite l&rsquo;affirmation d&rsquo;Abdelkebir Khatibi selon laquelle <em>\u00abl&rsquo;essence arabe pr\u00e9c\u00e8de l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;Isra\u00ebl\u00bb<\/em>, l&rsquo;essence juive pr\u00e9c\u00e8de aussi le colonialisme fran\u00e7ais. Cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9 risque d&rsquo;\u00eatre oubli\u00e9e lorsque les \u00abJuifs\u00bb sont plac\u00e9s uniquement entre les cat\u00e9gories coloniales de \u00abBlancs\u00bb et d\u2019\u00ab\u00a0Indig\u00e8nes\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Si Bouteldja s&rsquo;appuie parfois trop sur cette configuration, son propos pol\u00e9mique bouleverse aussi les divisions sur lesquelles reposent ces cat\u00e9gories. Quand elle regarde les Juifs, \u00ab\u00a0elle nous voit [les indig\u00e8nes]\u00a0\u00bb &#8211; tous deux sont attir\u00e9s et exclus de la blanchit\u00e9, tous deux sont diabolis\u00e9s et disciplin\u00e9s en Europe, tous deux sont d\u00e9poss\u00e9d\u00e9s l\u2019un de l\u2019autre, mais sont pourtant familiers. Bouteldja d\u00e9crit fabuleusement les Juifs comme <em>\u00abd&rsquo;une part, les <\/em>dhimmis<em> de la R\u00e9publique pour satisfaire les besoins internes de l&rsquo;Etat-nation, et d&rsquo;autre part, des tirailleurs s\u00e9n\u00e9galais pour satisfaire les besoins de l&rsquo;imp\u00e9rialisme occidental\u00bb.<\/em> Sa phrase \u00abdhimmis de la R\u00e9publique\u00bb d\u00e9peint la France par\u00e9e de son pinceau orientaliste &#8211; pr\u00e9moderne, religieux, oppressif &#8211; et sugg\u00e8re ainsi que, malgr\u00e9 leur pr\u00e9tendue \u00e9mancipation, le r\u00f4le fonctionnel des Juifs en Europe n&rsquo;a pas chang\u00e9. Les Juifs sont transform\u00e9s en \u00abtirailleurs s\u00e9n\u00e9galais\u00bb, les colonisateurs colonis\u00e9s \u00e0 qui l\u2019on sous-traite la perp\u00e9tuation de la violence imp\u00e9riale. Contrairement \u00e0 l&rsquo;offre d&rsquo;amour propos\u00e9e aux Blancs, pour laquelle ils devront payer le prix de la r\u00e9volution, l&rsquo;offre faite aux Juifs est l&rsquo;amour de soi \u2013 un amour qui rejette l&rsquo;instrumentalisation isra\u00e9lienne des victimes juives des nazis, la dhimmitude d&rsquo;un Occident chr\u00e9tien paternaliste, et la hi\u00e9rarchie d\u00e9bilitante cr\u00e9\u00e9e entre les Juifs europ\u00e9ens, d\u2019orient, les la\u00efques et les religieux.<\/p>\n<p>La vision de Bouteldja est donc remarquablement inclusive. La lutte, affirme-t-elle, ne se fera pas contre, mais aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des enfants des Harki, ces Alg\u00e9riens indig\u00e8nes qui ont servi dans l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise pendant la guerre d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance du pays. Bouteldja propose cette affiliation tant \u00e0 la figure des dhimmis que des tirailleurs s\u00e9n\u00e9galais pour les juifs sionistes, dont leurs enfants se doivent de rejoindre le mouvement d\u00e9colonial. La classe ouvri\u00e8re blanche elle aussi doit s\u2019engager, non pas par humanisme romantique, ni par un universalisme daltonien, mais parce que les indig\u00e8nes ont besoin d&rsquo;anticiper et de combattre les fantasmes r\u00e9actionnaires du nationalisme et du racisme qui accompagneront in\u00e9vitablement le d\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;une force d\u00e9coloniale. Enfin, les indig\u00e8nes doivent aider les blancs antiracistes et anti-imp\u00e9rialistes qui cherchent de l&rsquo;aide pour noyer l&rsquo;homme blanc ancr\u00e9 dans leur subjectivit\u00e9. Cet \u00e9quilibre sophistiqu\u00e9 entre autonomie et convergence, qui priorise les revendications des indig\u00e8nes tout en pr\u00e9conisant l\u2019engagement politique des communaut\u00e9s blanches est une immense promesse aussi pour la gauche am\u00e9ricaine, qui est prise entre une approche politique par la classe, et par une caricature d\u2019intersectionnalit\u00e9, obs\u00e9d\u00e9e par la question de l\u2019identit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Bouteldja termine par une vibrante critique de la la\u00efcit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise, en pleine collusion avec le racisme d&rsquo;\u00c9tat et avec la figure de l\u2019homme blanc d\u00e9senchant\u00e9, venant remplacer Dieu. Elle souligne la promesse ambivalente que l&rsquo;on trouve dans les traditionnelles approches non la\u00efques de ma\u00eetriser un soi h\u00e9doniste et consum\u00e9riste, lequel est d\u00e9brid\u00e9 dans la culture occidentale. Rappelant le probl\u00e8me que les Juifs posaient \u00e0 l&rsquo;Europe des Lumi\u00e8res, Bouteldja reconna\u00eet habilement que, pour les Fran\u00e7ais blancs \u00e9clair\u00e9s, leurs compatriotes musulmans restent une \u00e9nigme: malgr\u00e9 l&rsquo;offre g\u00e9n\u00e9reuse de rationalit\u00e9, de d\u00e9mocratie lib\u00e9rale et de modernit\u00e9, ils s&rsquo;accrochent toujours aux traditions et \u00e0 une loi islamique pens\u00e9e comme pr\u00e9moderne. En cons\u00e9quence, ils repr\u00e9sentent une menace, car ils <em>\u00ab\u00a0savent quelque chose qui \u00e9chappe \u00e0 la Raison\u00a0\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Des lecteurs la\u00efques pourront tortiller devant ces propos francs de Bouteldja sur Dieu et sur le potentiel de radicalit\u00e9 dans la soumission devant l\u2019Unique. Mais une telle r\u00e9action ne ferait que r\u00e9v\u00e9ler leur propre soumission \u00e0 l&rsquo;h\u00e9g\u00e9monie de la la\u00efcit\u00e9, avec sa racialisation d\u00e9daigneuse du religieux. Les th\u00e9ologies de lib\u00e9ration &#8211; utopies de lib\u00e9ration, comme les appelle Bouteldja &#8211; \u00e9laborent des connaissances subalternes qui non seulement critiquent l&rsquo;homme blanc d\u00e9senchant\u00e9 et sa violence concomitante, mais offrent aussi \u00e0 tous ceux du Nord Global &#8211; blancs, juifs et indig\u00e8nes &#8211; des outils pour imaginer des futurs alternatifs.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u00a0<em>Les blancs, les juifs et nous<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb est un texte stimulant, qui provoque tout autant qu&rsquo;il console et illumine. Mais afin de construire une puissante coalition d\u00e9coloniale, aspirant \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration collective, nous devrons avoir la patience d&rsquo;\u00e9couter, la t\u00e9nacit\u00e9 de contester, et l&rsquo;humilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;apprendre du travail de cette femme colonis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Ben Ratskoff est un \u00e9crivain et intellectuel bas\u00e9 \u00e0 Los Angeles. Il est le fondateur et le r\u00e9dacteur en chef des nouveaux Protocoles trimestriels juifs.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/liberation-utopias-houria-bouteldja-on-feminism-anti-semitism-and-the-politics-of-decolonization\/#!\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Traduction Caro Moop pour Bruxelles Panth\u00e8res<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/10330464_514223598750318_5160301308504016599_n.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2851\" src=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/10330464_514223598750318_5160301308504016599_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"870\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/10330464_514223598750318_5160301308504016599_n.jpg 560w, https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/10330464_514223598750318_5160301308504016599_n-193x300.jpg 193w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"article-title white-text\">Liberation Utopias: Houria Bouteldja on Feminism, Anti-Semitism, and the Politics of Decolonization<\/h4>\n<p class=\"byline white-text\">By <a title=\"Ben Ratskoff\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/contributor\/ben-ratskoff\">Ben Ratskoff<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<article class=\"post-content grid-7 grid-mobile-12\">\n<p class=\"post-date\">APRIL 5, 2018<\/p>\n<p>IN MAY 1943, black Surrealist writer and activist Suzanne C\u00e9saire made a request for a paper ration from the wartime Vichy government administering Martinique. She needed the paper to print the next issue of <em>Tropiques<\/em>, a journal devoted to the intersection of Surrealism and anticolonial politics in the Caribbean. The government denied her request; in a dizzying display of doublespeak, the Nazi-collaborationist regime claimed that C\u00e9saire\u2019s journal was too racist and sectarian in its brazen engagement with blackness and its literary revolt against French civilization. It is both troubling and illuminating to find a nearly identical discourse surrounding the recent publication of Houria Bouteldja\u2019s <em>Whites, Jews, and Us: Toward a Politics of Revolutionary Love<\/em>. When the book appeared in France in 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.versobooks.com\/blogs\/3303-toward-emancipation-against-character-assassination-in-support-of-houria-bouteldja-and-political-anti-racism\">a veritable lynching<\/a> ensued in the media. The uniquely French estate of public intellectuals, both right and left, leaped to discipline this Arab woman who had dared to demystify the fairy tales France tells about itself. Ugly epithets were bandied about: Bouteldja was a racist anti-racist! a neo-Nazi! a homophobe! Not much has changed since C\u00e9saire requested the paper ration in Martinique. The Republic doth protest too much.<\/p>\n<p>Bouteldja\u2019s short manifesto continues the tradition of C\u00e9saire\u2019s own Surrealist polemic and, most obviously, her husband Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire\u2019s groundbreaking <em>Discourse on Colonialism<\/em> (1950). Artfully and sensitively rendered into English by Rachel Valinsky, <em>Whites, Jews, and Us<\/em> offers a passionate and poetic manifesto that takes aim at the imperial metropole and its myths of innocence. The book is shot through with a bracing optimism, making a magnificent appeal for a metropolitan decolonial movement as a political force for liberation. Bouteldja tackles issues of Eurocentrism, imperialism, and globalization and experiments with a form of political organizing that, in the words of her comrade Sadri Khiari, attempts \u201cto think unity and division together and accept convergence and antagonism as paradoxical paths\u201d to liberation.<\/p>\n<p>The first chapter identifies a contradiction that will frame the book\u2019s address to whites, Jews, and indigenous people: Jean-Paul Sartre\u2019s unrepentant Zionism. On the one hand, Sartre defended anticolonial militancy in Algeria and the Middle East; on the other hand, he supported the formation of a Jewish nation-state in Palestine. Bouteldja contends that Sartre\u2019s simultaneous embrace of anticolonialism and Zionism was due, essentially, to his whiteness. Whiteness, in short, marked the insufficiency of his politics. In a provocative passage, Bouteldja writes: \u201cHe who declared \u2018It is the anti-Semite who <em>makes<\/em> the Jew\u2019 now prolonged the anti-Semitic project in its Zionist form and participated in the construction of the greatest prison for Jews. In a rush to bury Auschwitz and to save the white man\u2019s soul, he dug the Jew\u2019s grave.\u201d In other words, Sartre both comprehended anti-Semitism as a European mechanism of exclusion and participated in this very mechanism by excluding Jewish futures from Europe in favor of a separate nation-state. For Bouteldja, Sartre\u2019s Zionism becomes symbolic of both the white left\u2019s refusal to abandon the nation-state and its dogged recuperation of European innocence.<\/p>\n<p>Sartre\u2019s foil in the book is the white bard of Parisian degeneracy, Jean Genet. Genet remained both profoundly indifferent to France\u2019s routine defeats \u2014 in Paris, in Algeria, in Indochina \u2014 and keenly aware that \u201cany indigenous person who rises up against the white man grants him, in the same movement, the chance to save himself.\u201d It is at this crossroads of confrontation and struggle, Bouteldja argues, that revolutionary love becomes possible. Citing C. L. R. James\u2019s comment, \u201cThese are my ancestors, these are my people. They are yours too if you want them,\u201d she says: \u201cJames offers you [white Europeans] the memory of his negro ancestors who rose against you and who, by freeing him, freed you. In essence, James says, change the Pantheon.\u201d It is haunting to read these words after the recent events in Charlottesville, where the removal of a statue \u2014 an effort to change the American pantheon \u2014 mobilized a deadly coalition of white nationalists and neo-fascists. Revolutionary love comes at a cost, and the price of betraying whiteness may be too steep for some to bear.<\/p>\n<p>Bouteldja\u2019s inclusion of Genet invokes a global itinerary of anticolonial letters. It was Genet who wrote the introduction to <em>Soledad Brother<\/em> (1970), the collected prison writings of black American Marxist and activist George Jackson; a year later, after guards murdered him, handwritten copies of Palestinian poetry were found in his cell. Bouteldja situates her book within this transnational network of texts. Indeed, its translation into English (with a new foreword by Cornel West) itself represents an important new node in this network. Bouteldja\u2019s mobilization of black American and Francophone ancestors underscores the continuities between American racism and French colonialism. Richard Wright had suggested as much when he titled his militant elegy to black American manhood <em>Native Son<\/em> (1940), thus evoking the impoverished urban black man as America\u2019s <em>indig\u00e8ne<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>For her part, Bouteldja is France\u2019s native daughter. Building upon the political writing and agitation that marked her entry into French media during the hijab debates, Bouteldja mounts a blistering critique of white feminism. The indigenous woman, she argues, is trapped between a white patriarchy that wants to save her from her primitive family only to consume her body and an indigenous patriarchy that makes her bear the brunt of the indigenous man\u2019s emasculation. The white man imagines the indigenous man as his feminine foil \u2014 passive and docile. When the indigenous man revolts, confusing the white man\u2019s paternalistic assumptions, his unexpected virility shocks and disturbs \u2014 and must be policed, castrated.<\/p>\n<p>This dynamic amounts to a game of virility Olympics between white and indigenous men, deploying a misogynous homophobia that targets both indigenous women and queer males (the indigenous lesbian is largely absent from Bouteldja\u2019s analysis). Bouteldja\u2019s language of castration reinscribes the phallic masculinity of Western man as the default model for indigenous men as well. Reactionary virility among indigenous populations, however, is not inevitable, and indigenous queerness need not be marginalized in order to fight imperialism. The deployment by Zionists of the figure of the virile, muscular Jew shows that the oppressed\u2019s reactionary virility has dire consequences for us all.<\/p>\n<p>Bouteldja also critiques the romantic, indigenous feminism that indicts masculine violence in the abstract, rather than locating it within the system of Western patriarchy that has penetrated the Global South. Feminism is a luxury, she writes, the luxury of those white enough and European enough and Christian enough to see their womanhood isolated at the center of their subjectivity. The only responsible form of feminism involves communitarian allegiance, a compromise between indigenous resistance to feminism and an understanding of the Western violence faced by indigenous men and women alike.<\/p>\n<p>Such a position can feel somewhat dated, recalling the patriarchal politics of midcentury civil rights movements that subordinated the double oppression faced by black women to the concerns of the black male leadership. Black women have long addressed and critiqued their erasure by both white feminists and black men. Bouteldja cites Assata Shakur of the Black Liberation Army \u2014 \u201cWe can never be free while our men are oppressed\u201d \u2014 but strangely leaves out her subsequent qualification: \u201cBut it is imperative to our struggle that we build a strong black women\u2019s movement.\u201d The full quotation reveals the kind of decolonial feminism to which Bouteldja aspires, routed through communitarian allegiance but not stopping there.<\/p>\n<p>The book, perhaps in spite of itself, signals that such a decolonial feminism still remains far on the horizon. The penultimate chapter embraces an allegiance to the political community of the indigenous <em>in general<\/em> (it is unclear why Bouteldja does not specifically speak to indigenous men, instead permitting them to fade into a genderless norm). The chapter powerfully describes the postcolonial malaise of the French Republic\u2019s immigrants, trapped in what Frantz Fanon termed the Manicheanism of the colonizer \u2014 they must either become French or fulfill their preordained role as primitive native. But this choice is a ruse: France is not a melting pot but a quicksand. By integrating into whiteness, the postcolonial immigrant becomes complicit with metropolitan imperialism. As Bouteldja bravely remarks: \u201cWhy am I writing this book? Because I am not innocent. I live in France. I live in the West. I am white.\u201d It is in this acknowledgment of integration\u2019s failure that a decolonial political force begins.<\/p>\n<p>Between her comments posed to \u201cWhite People\u201d and those addressed to indigenous women and men, Bouteldja directly engages \u201cYou, the Jews.\u201d Her title evokes colonial law and social structure in French Algeria, with the free white masters on top, the colonized indigenous at the bottom, and the (indigenous) Algerian Jews in the middle, as a privileged buffer. But Bouteldja\u2019s deployment of whites, Jews, and indigenous peoples \u2014 social and political categories that, she claims, are the \u201cproduct of modern history\u201d \u2014 involves an uncomfortable erasure. Whiteness and indigeneity are certainly, in their very constitution, categories that emerge from a specific social and political configuration of power and sovereignty. And Jews were definitely thrust into this colonial configuration at pivotal moments: they were expelled from the French colonies in 1685, granted citizenship in the northern departments of French Algeria in 1870, accused of treason to and defilement of the French nation during the <em>belle<\/em> <em>\u00e9poque<\/em>, and so on. But just as Bouteldja cites Abdelkebir Khatibi\u2019s assertion that \u201cArab essence precedes the existence of Israel,\u201d so too Jewish essence precedes French colonialism. This reality risks being forgotten when \u201cJews\u201d are merely placed between the colonial categories \u201cWhites\u201d and \u201cIndigenous.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>If Bouteldja relies at times too heavily on this configuration, her polemic also subverts the divisions that sustain it. When she looks at Jews, \u201cshe sees us [indigenous]\u201d \u2014 both are attracted to and excluded from whiteness, both are demonized and disciplined within Europe, both are dispossessed from one another and yet still familiar. Bouteldja fabulously describes the Jews as \u201con the one hand, <em>dhimmis of the Republic<\/em> to satisfy the internal needs of the nation state, and on the other, <em>Senegalese riflemen<\/em> to satisfy the needs of Western imperialism.\u201d Her phrase \u201c<em>dhimmis of the Republic<\/em>\u201d paints France with its own Orientalist brush \u2014 as pre-modern, religious, oppressive \u2014 and suggests that, despite their so-called emancipation, the functional role of Jews in Europe has not changed. At the same time, Jews are made into \u201c<em>Senegalese riflemen<\/em>,\u201d the colonized colonizers to whom the perpetuation of imperial violence is outsourced. Unlike the offer of love made to whites, for which they must pay the price of revolution, the offer to Jews is <em>self<\/em>-love \u2014 one that rejects Israel\u2019s instrumentalization of the Nazis\u2019 Jewish victims, the <em>dhimmitude<\/em> of a paternalistic Christian West, and the debilitating, transplanted hierarchy between European and Eastern, secular and religious Jews.<\/p>\n<p>Bouteldja\u2019s vision is thus remarkably inclusive. The struggle, she asserts, will not be against but <em>beside <\/em>the children of the Harki, those indigenous Algerians who served in the French Army during the country\u2019s war of independence. Bouteldja thus implies affiliation as well with the <em>dhimmis of the Republic<\/em> and the <em>Senegalese riflemen <\/em>\u2014 with, in essence, Jewish Zionists \u2014 whose children too must join the decolonial camp. The white working class must also be engaged, not out of a romantic humanism or color-blind universalism but because the indigenous need to anticipate and combat the reactionary phantasms of nationalism and racism that will inevitably accompany the development of a decolonial force. And finally, the indigenous must assist the anti-racist and anti-imperialist whites who are seeking help in annihilating the white man at the center of their being. This sophisticated balance between autonomy and convergence, which prioritizes the claims of the indigenous while advocating the political organization of white communities, holds tremendous promise for an American left caught between a class-based politics and an identity-obsessed caricature of intersectionality.<\/p>\n<p>Bouteldja ends with a stirring critique of French secularism (<em>la\u00efcit\u00e9<\/em>), its collusion with state racism, and the disenchanted white man with which it replaces God. She outlines the ambivalent promise found in non-secular traditions for subduing the hedonistic, consumerist self unleashed by Western culture. In an uncanny reminder of the problem Jews posed to Enlightenment Europe, Bouteldja deftly recognizes that, to enlightened white Frenchmen, their Muslim countrymen are an <em>enigma<\/em>: despite the generous offer of rationality, liberal democracy, and modernity, they still cling to pre-modern Islamic law and tradition. As a result, they are also a threat, because they \u201cknow something that escapes white Reason.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Secular readers may squirm at Bouteldja\u2019s frank discussion of God and the radical potential of submission before the One. Such a response would only reveal their own submission to the hegemony of the secular, with its dismissive racializing of the religious. Theologies of liberation \u2014 liberation utopias, as Bouteldja calls them \u2014 elaborate subaltern knowledge that not only critiques the disenchanted white man and his attendant violence, but also offers all those in the Global North \u2014 whites, Jews, and indigenous \u2014 tools for imagining alternative futures. <em>Whites, Jews, and Us<\/em> is a challenging text that provokes just as much as it consoles and illuminates. But in order to build a forceful decolonizing coalition that aspires to collective liberation, we must have the patience to listen to, the tenacity to challenge, and the humility to learn from the work of this colonized woman.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a4<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/contributor\/ben-ratskoff\/\"><em>Ben Ratskoff is a Los Angeles-based writer and scholar. He is the founder and editor-in-chief of the new Jewish quarterly <\/em>Protocols<em>.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/article>\n<aside class=\"grid-4 prefix-1 prefix-mobile-0 grid-mobile-12 sidebar\">\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"widget book-info grid-mobile-6\">\n<p class=\"book-title hide-mobile\">Whites, Jews, and Us<\/p>\n<p><small>Toward a Politics of Revolutionary Love<\/small><\/p>\n<p class=\"book-author hide-mobile\">By <a title=\"Houria Bouteldja\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/author-page\/houria-bouteldja\">Houria Bouteldja<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"book-meta hide-mobile\">\nPublished 11.03.2017<br \/>\nSemiotext(e)<br \/>\n152 Pages<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"book-cover shadow alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks-org-cgwbfgl6lklqqj3f4t3.netdna-ssl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Whites-Jews-Us.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"514\" height=\"800\" \/><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"page\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<aside class=\"grid-4 prefix-1 prefix-mobile-0 grid-mobile-12 sidebar\">\n<div class=\"widget book-info grid-mobile-6\">\n<ul class=\"tags\">\n<li><a title=\"PHILOSOPHY &amp; CRITICAL THEORY\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/sections\/philosophy-critical-theory\/\">PHILOSOPHY &amp; CRITICAL THEORY<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"GENDER &amp; SEXUALITY\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/sections\/gender-sexuality\/\">GENDER &amp; SEXUALITY<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"widget content-index text-list\">\n<p class=\"widget-title\">RECOMMENDED<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"post-title\"><a title=\"Skin in the Game: Whiteness Without White Supremacy?\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/skin-game-whiteness-without-white-supremacy\">Skin in the Game: Whiteness Without White Supremacy?<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"post-author\"><a title=\"Andrew Waddell\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/contributor\/andrew-waddell\">By Andrew Waddell<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"post-title\"><a title=\"The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/changing-face-antisemitism\">The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"post-author\"><a title=\"David Wolpe\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/contributor\/david-wolpe\">By David Wolpe<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"post-title\"><a title=\"The Feminism of Resilience: Shirin Neshat at the Hirshhorn\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/the-feminism-of-resilience-shirin-neshat-at-the-hirshhorn\">The Feminism of Resilience: Shirin Neshat at the Hirshhorn<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"post-author\"><a title=\"Rafia Zakaria\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/contributor\/rafia-zakaria\">By Rafia Zakaria<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"post-title\"><a title=\"The Hoodie and the Hijab: Arabness, Blackness, and the Figure of Terror\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/the-hoodie-and-the-hijab-arabness-blackness-and-the-figure-of-terror-james-baldwin\">The Hoodie and the Hijab: Arabness, Blackness, and the Figure of Terror<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"post-author\"><a title=\"Leah Mirakhor\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/contributor\/leah-mirakhor\">By Leah Mirakhor<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"post-title\"><a title=\"Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/deconstructing-zionism-critique\">Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"post-author\"><a title=\"David Lloyd\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/contributor\/david-lloyd\">By David Lloyd<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"div-gpt-ad-1481825372332-3\" data-google-query-id=\"CMb7mMyDsNoCFVAs4AodS1gDTw\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"newsletterModal\" class=\"modal\">\n<div class=\"modal-content container\">\n<div class=\"grid-7 grid-tablet-12 grid-mobile-12 padding-30 ctct-embed-signup\" data-mh=\"newsletter\">\n<form id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" class=\"validate form container\" action=\"\/\/lareviewofbooks.us2.list-manage.com\/subscribe\/post?u=f16bfce41c64ef769044f47ed&amp;id=8d082fe08c\" method=\"post\" name=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" novalidate=\"\" target=\"_blank\">\n<div id=\"mc_embed_signup_scroll\">\n<div class=\"grid-7 padding-0\">\n<div class=\"mc-field-group input-field\"><\/div>\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\"><input tabindex=\"-1\" name=\"b_f16bfce41c64ef769044f47ed_8d082fe08c\" type=\"text\" value=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"modal-content container\">\n<div class=\"grid-7 grid-tablet-12 grid-mobile-12 padding-30 ctct-embed-signup\" data-mh=\"newsletter\">\n<p><small>By submitting this form, you are granting: Los Angeles Review of Books, 6671 Sunset Blvd., Ste. 1521, Los Angeles, California, 90028, United States, http:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org permission to email you.<\/small><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-5 hide-mobile hide-tablet padding-0\" data-mh=\"newsletter\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Utopies de la lib\u00e9ration\u00a0: Houria Bouteldja \u00e0 propos du f\u00e9minisme, de l\u2019antis\u00e9mitisme, et des politiques de d\u00e9colonisation De Ben Ratskoff Le 5 avril 2018 En mai 1943, l\u2019\u00e9crivaine surr\u00e9aliste noire et militante Suzanne C\u00e9saire a demand\u00e9 des rations de papier au gouvernement de Vichy, en temps de guerre, administrant la Martinique. Elle avait besoin de &#8230; <a title=\"Utopies de la lib\u00e9ration : Houria Bouteldja \u00e0 propos du f\u00e9minisme, de l\u2019antis\u00e9mitisme, et des politiques de d\u00e9colonisation\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/?p=3659\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Utopies de la lib\u00e9ration : Houria Bouteldja \u00e0 propos du f\u00e9minisme, de l\u2019antis\u00e9mitisme, et des politiques de d\u00e9colonisation\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3330,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,35,21,36,42,4,7,6,8,18,28,37,39,5],"tags":[52,112,162,102,251,147,156],"class_list":["post-3659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classe","category-amerique-du-sud","category-anti-imperialisme","category-europe","category-homophobie","category-islamophobie","category-negrophobie","category-palestine-moyen-orient","category-prisons","category-resistance-bruxelles","category-racismes","category-romophobie","category-sans-papier","category-violence-policiere","tag-aime-cesaire","tag-assata-shakur","tag-clr-james","tag-decolonial","tag-feminisme-decolonial","tag-houria-bouteldja","tag-jean-genet"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3659","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3659"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3659\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3662,"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3659\/revisions\/3662"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3659"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3659"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bruxelles-pantheres.be\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}